Bunions are typically caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common causes include:

• Genetics: A family history of bunions can increase the risk of developing them.
• Foot structure: Certain foot types, such as flat feet or low arches, may contribute to the development of bunions.
• Improper footwear: Shoes that are too tight, pointed, or high-heeled can cause or worsen bunions by putting excessive pressure on the toes.
• Injury: Trauma to the toe joint can sometimes lead to bunion formation.

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Bunions are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, where a healthcare provider will examine the foot and assess the alignment of the toes. X-rays may be taken to determine the extent of the misalignment and rule out other conditions, such as arthritis.

Surgery for bunions is usually considered when conservative treatments (such as changing footwear or using pads) do not provide relief, and the pain or misalignment significantly affects daily activities. Surgery may also be recommended if the bunion leads to other complications, like arthritis or difficulty walking.

While it may not always be possible to prevent bunions, certain measures can reduce the risk of developing them:

• Wear proper footwear: Choose shoes with a wide toe box, adequate arch support, and low heels to reduce pressure on the toes.
• Avoid wearing tight, pointed shoes that squeeze the toes together.
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce strain on the feet.
• Stretch and strengthen your feet regularly to improve foot alignment.

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